[Food sustainability: keys for the consumer, advantages and disadvantages]. / Sostenibilidad alimentaria: claves para el consumidor, ventajas e inconvenientes.

Introduction: To meet the food and nutritional needs of a growing population and, at the same time, guarantee natural and productive resources, food systems must undergo changes in production models and consumption patterns, adopting more sustainable diets. The recommendations of different organizations and institutions are aimed at adopting a varied and balanced dietary pattern, with a greater predominance of plant-based food and a lower presence of animal food, to improve the state of health and well-being, while reducing the environmental impact. These types of diets have important health benefits, especially if diets are well planned and foods are properly combined. However, in some stages of life (schoolchildren, adolescents, elders) and in some special physiological situations (pregnancy, athletes), special attention should be paid to the increase of certain nutritional requirements that could compromise the health status if a correct dietary planning is not carried out. Therefore, well-designed strategies should be put in place to facilitate the transition to a sustainable diet, including nutrition education programs for consumers with specific instructions on the most appropriate food choices to increase the nutritional value of the diet. In addition, in specific physiological situations, where meeting nutritional requirements may be compromised, the consumption of fortified foods and/or supplementation could be considered.

Introducción: Para atender las necesidades alimentarias y nutricionales de una población creciente y garantizar los recursos naturales y productivos, los sistemas alimentarios deben experimentar cambios adoptando dietas más sostenibles. Diferentes organismos e instituciones recomiendan patrones de dieta variada y equilibrada, con predominio de alimentos de origen vegetal y menor presencia de alimentos de origen animal, para mejorar el estado de salud y bienestar y reducir el impacto medioambiental. Este tipo de dietas presentan beneficios en la salud, sobre todo si están bien planificadas y los alimentos se combinan adecuadamente. Sin embargo, en algunas etapas de la vida (escolares, adolescentes, ancianos) y en situaciones fisiológicas especiales (embarazadas, deportistas) se debe prestar atención a los requerimientos nutricionales, que podrían verse comprometidos en caso de no llevar a cabo una correcta planificación dietética, lo que podría derivar en problemas para la salud. Por ello, para facilitar la transición de los consumidores a una dieta sostenible, se deben promover estrategias bien diseñadas que incluyan programas de educación nutricional con instrucciones específicas acerca de las elecciones y combinaciones de alimentos más adecuadas para aumentar el valor nutricional de la dieta. Además, en situaciones fisiológicas específicas en las que alcanzar los requerimientos nutricionales pudiera estar comprometido, podría considerarse el consumo de alimentos enriquecidos y/o la administración de suplementos.

[Alzheimer's disease. Current evidence on the preventive role of nutrition]. / Enfermedad de Alzheimer. Evidencia actual sobre el papel preventivo de la nutrición.

Introduction: Introduction: in the last decades, a significant increase in the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been observed. Currently, there are no effective pharmacological treatments available, which makes preventive measures particularly important. Objective: to analyze the available scientific evidence on nutritional and dietary factors and their association with AD prevention. Methods: a review of nutritional and dietary factors related to the prevention of AD was conducted. Results: several dietary components have been positively associated with AD prevention, including intake of complex carbohydrates, fiber, omega-3, plant-based proteins, vitamins (folates, choline, vitamin D, C, B6 and B9), zinc, some bioactive compounds such as flavonols and probiotics. Following the Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) y Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diets has been associated with a lower risk of developing the disease. Conclusion: nutrition may have a protective role against AD, although further studies are needed in this regard.

Introducción: Introducción: en las últimas décadas, se ha observado un incremento significativo en la incidencia de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA). En la actualidad, no se dispone de tratamientos farmacológicos efectivos, lo que hace que las medidas preventivas sean particularmente importantes. Objetivo: analizar la evidencia científica disponible sobre factores nutricionales y dietéticos y su asociación con la prevención de la EA. Métodos: se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura científica sobre factores nutricionales y dietéticos relacionados con la prevención de la EA. Resultados: diversos componentes de la dieta se han asociado positivamente con la prevención de la EA. Estos incluyen hidratos de carbono complejos, fibra, omega-3, proteínas de origen vegetal, vitaminas (folatos, colina, vitamina D, C, B6 y B9), zinc y algunos compuestos bioactivos como los flavonoles, y los probióticos. El seguimiento de las dietas mediterránea, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) y Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) se ha asociado con un menor de riesgo de desarrollar la enfermedad. Conclusión: la nutrición podría tener un papel protector frente a la EA, aunque se requieren más estudios al respecto.

[Nutritional problems of vegetarian and vegan children]. / Problemática nutricional de los niños vegetarianos y veganos.

Introduction: The number of people following plant-based diets to a greater or lesser degree is increasing, but the more restrictive a diet, the greater the risk of nutritional deficiencies. The childhood stage is a stage of great physical and maturational growth, therefore, nutritional deficiencies at this stage can have serious and sometimes permanent consequences. People who follow restrictive diets of any kind, such as plant-based diets, should receive support from specialized staff to ensure that their diets are varied and balanced, as is desirable in any case.

Introducción: Está aumentando el número de personas que siguen dietas basadas en vegetales en mayor o menor grado, pero cuanto más restrictiva es una dieta, más riesgos existen de presentar deficiencias nutricionales. La etapa infantil es una etapa de gran crecimiento físico y madurativo, por ello, las deficiencias nutricionales en esta etapa pueden acarrear consecuencias graves y, en ocasiones, permanentes. Las personas que siguen dietas restrictivas de cualquier tipo, como son las dietas basadas en vegetales, deben recibir apoyo de personal especializado para conseguir que sus dietas sean variadas y equilibradas, como es deseable en cualquier caso.

[Protocol of action in the dietary and nutritional approach in patients with dysphagia]. / Protocolo de actuación en el abordaje dietético y nutricional en pacientes con disfagia.

Introduction: Introduction: dysphagia is classified under "symptoms and signs involving the digestive system and abdomen" in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10, code R13). It is defined as obstruction in the region of the pharynx, sternum or xiphoid because of obstruction of the passage of food from the mouth to the stomach or cardia, and has become one of the most important causes affecting the adequate intake of energy and nutrients. An optimal dietary and nutritional approach plays a crucial role in the management of dysphagia. The main goal of such an approach is to ensure safe and sufficient nutrition to prevent malnutrition and complications associated with dysphagia. Objectives: to establish an action protocol for an effective dietary and nutritional approach in patients with dysphagia based on the existing scientific evidence. Methods: a review of the scientific literature on the dietary-nutritional approach to dysphagia was carried out. Results: the dietary and nutritional approach in patients with dysphagia requires a multidisciplinary and personalized approach and is essential to improve the quality of life of patients with dysphagia. Through the implementation of an evidence-based action protocol, it is possible to guarantee preventing aspiration and ensuring safe swallowing and modification of textures of different foods (thus promoting adequate intake of nutrients and fluids to avoid malnutrition and dehydration). Conclusion: adequate and protocolized management, from a dietary and nutritional point of view, can have a significant impact on the quality of life of patients, improving their well-being and preventing complications associated with this condition.

Introducción: Introducción: la disfagia se clasifica dentro de los "síntomas y signos que involucran el sistema digestivo y el abdomen" en la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-10, código R13). Dicho síntoma produce en la región de la faringe, el esternón o el xifoides como resultado de la obstrucción del paso de alimentos de la boca al estómago o al cardias, y se ha convertido en una de las causas más importantes que afecta a la ingesta adecuada de energía y nutrientes. Un abordaje dietético y nutricional óptimo desempeña un papel crucial en el manejo de la disfagia. El objetivo principal de dicho abordaje es garantizar una alimentación segura y suficiente para prevenir la desnutrición y las complicaciones asociadas a la disfagia. Objetivos: establecer un protocolo de actuación para realizar, de forma eficaz, el abordaje dietético y nutricional en pacientes con disfagia en base a la evidencia científica existente. Métodos: se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura científica sobre el abordaje dietético-nutricional de la disfagia. Resultados: el abordaje dietético y nutricional en pacientes con disfagia requiere un enfoque multidisciplinar y personalizado, y es fundamental para mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes con disfagia. A través de la implementación del protocolo de actuación basado en la evidencia, se puede garantizar: prevenir la aspiración y asegurar una deglución segura y, modificación de texturas de los diferentes alimentos (promoviendo de esta forma la ingesta adecuada de nutrientes y líquidos para evitar la desnutrición y la deshidratación). Conclusión: un manejo adecuado y protocolizado, desde el punto de vista dietético y nutricional, puede llegar a tener un impacto significativo en la calidad de vida de los pacientes, mejorando su bienestar y previniendo complicaciones asociadas a esta condición.

Adherence to 24-h movement guidelines in Spanish schoolchildren and its association with insulin resistance: a cross-sectional study.

Introduction: Being more active, being less sedentary, and sleeping enough are associated with adequate body weight and adiposity in children. However, few researchers have analyzed these different lifestyle behaviors and the adherence to 24 h movement guidelines with respect to insulin resistance (IR) at school age. Therefore, we aimed to analyse the association between the adherence to 24 h movement guidelines (physical activity, sedentary time, sleep) and IR in Spanish schoolchildren. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 839 children (8-13 years, 51.1% girls) were studied. Anthropometric, biochemical, and lifestyle behavioral data were collected. IR was defined as HOMA-IR>3.16. Compliance with the 24 h movement guidelines were defined as ≥60 min/day of moderate and/or vigorous physical activity, < 120 min/day of screen time, and 9-11 h/day of sleep time. Associations between adherence to the 24 h movement guidelines and IR were performed by multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: The IR in our sample was 5.0%, being higher in girls. Compliance with physical activity or screen time, but not with sleep recommendations, was associated with lower fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR values. A low adherence to 24 h movement guidelines was associated with a higher risk of IR (odds ratio (95% CI): 2.150 [1.089-4.247]), especially in girls (odds ratio (95% CI): 2.800 [1.180-6.645]). Conclusion: Higher physical activity levels and lower screen times were associated with a lower risk of IR in schoolchildren, underlining the importance of adhering to as many healthy lifestyle recommendations as possible.

Realfood and Cancer: Analysis of the Reliability and Quality of YouTube Content.

This study analyzes the quality and reliability of videos related to nutrition and cancer on YouTube. STUDY DESIGN: An observational, retrospective, cross-sectional, time-limited study analyzing activity on the social network YouTube was proposed. METHODS: The information from the videos was extracted through an API search tool, using the NodeXL software. The criteria to select the videos on YouTube were the keywords "real food", "realfood", and "cancer" and the hashtags #realfood and #cancer were present, videos in English and videos available on 1 December 2022. RESULTS: The DISCERN value in the total number of videos viewed was 2.25 (±0.88) points, indicating low reliability. The videos uploaded by HRU represented only 20.8%. Videos suggesting that the use of foods defined as "real food" could cure cancer without the intervention of any other treatment accounted for 12.5%. Videos that provided external links to scientific/technical evidence verifying the information represented only 13.89% of the total number of videos. Of these videos, 70% corresponded to HRU. The DISCERN value for videos from HRU users was 3.05 (0.88), a value that reflects a good reliability of videos from these users. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides information on the content and quality of the videos that we can find on YouTube. We found videos of non-health users who do not base their content on any scientific evidence, with the danger that this entails for the population, but it also highlights that the videos published by HRU have greater reliability and quality, being better perceived by the population, so it is important to encourage healthcare professionals and health institutions to share verified information on YouTube.

Effects of Creatine Supplementation after 20 Minutes of Recovery in a Bench Press Exercise Protocol in Moderately Physically Trained Men.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to analyse the effect of creatine supplementation on the performance improvement in a bench pressing (BP) strength test of muscle failure and to evaluate muscle fatigue and metabolic stress 20 min after the exercise. METHODS: Fifty young and healthy individuals were randomly assigned to a creatine group (n = 25) or a placebo group (n = 25). Three exercise sessions were carried out, with one week of rest between them. In the first week, a progressive load BP test was performed until the individuals reached the one repetition maximum (1RM) in order to for us obtain the load-to-velocity ratio of each participant. In the second week, the participants conducted a three-set BP exercise protocol against 70% 1RM, where they performed the maximum number of repetitions (MNR) until muscle failure occurred, with two minutes of rest between the sets. After one week, and following a supplementation period of 7 days, where half of the participants consumed 0.3 g·kg-1·day-1 of creatine monohydrate (CR) and the other half consumed 0.3 g·kg-1·day-1 of placebo (PLA, maltodextrin), the protocol from the second week was repeated. After each set, and up to 20 min after finishing the exercise, the blood lactate concentrations and mean propulsive velocity (MPV) at 1 m·s-1 were measured. RESULTS: The CR group performed a significantly higher number of repetitions in Set 1 (CR = 14.8 repetitions, PLA = 13.6 repetitions, p = 0.006) and Set 2 (CR = 8 repetitions, PLA = 6.7 repetitions, p = 0.006) after supplementation, whereas no significant differences were seen in Set 3 (CR = 5.3 repetitions, PLA = 4.7 repetitions, p = 0.176). However, there was a significant increase in blood lactate at minute 10 (p = 0.003), minute 15 (p = 0.020), and minute 20 (p = 0.015) after the exercise in the post-supplementation period. Similarly, a significant increase was observed in the MPV at 1 m·s-1 in the CR group with respect to the PLA group at 10, 15, and 20 min after the exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Although the creatine supplementation improved the performance in the strength test of muscle failure, the metabolic stress and muscle fatigue values were greater during the 20 min of recovery.

Breakfast Quality and Insulin Resistance in Spanish Schoolchildren: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Breakfast has traditionally been considered one of the most important meals of the day; however, there is little evidence for the influence of breakfast quality and insulin resistance (IR). This study aimed to assess the quality of breakfast in a group of schoolchildren, and its association with IR. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 852 children (8−13 years) was carried out. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin and anthropometric parameters were measured. A three-day dietary record was used to assess their diet and to calculate the Breakfast Quality Index (BQI). The sample was divided into tertiles according to the BQI (tertile 3: better breakfast quality). The homeostatic model was used to assess insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and IR was defined as HOMA-IR > 3.16. Results: The prevalence of IR was 5.2%. The mean BQI score was 4.50 ± 1.25, and boys had lower scores than girls. Children in the BQI tertile 3 had a better global diet quality. In boys, being in the BQI tertile 3 was associated with a lower risk of IR (OR [95% CI]: 0.10 [0.01−0.77], p < 0.05). Conclusions: A higher-quality breakfast was associated with better overall diet quality and a lower risk of IR, especially in boys.

Problemática nutricional de los niños vegetarianos y veganos / Nutritional problems of vegetarian and vegan children

Está aumentando el número de personas que siguen dietas basadas en vegetales en mayor o menor grado, pero cuanto más restrictiva es unadieta, más riesgos existen de presentar deficiencias nutricionales.La etapa infantil es una etapa de gran crecimiento físico y madurativo, por ello, las deficiencias nutricionales en esta etapa pueden acarrearconsecuencias graves y, en ocasiones, permanentes.Las personas que siguen dietas restrictivas de cualquier tipo, como son las dietas basadas en vegetales, deben recibir apoyo de personal especializado para conseguir que sus dietas sean variadas y equilibradas, como es deseable en cualquier caso. (AU)

The number of people following plant-based diets to a greater or lesser degree is increasing, but the more restrictive a diet, the greater the riskof nutritional deficiencies.The childhood stage is a stage of great physical and maturational growth, therefore, nutritional deficiencies at this stage can have serious andsometimes permanent consequences.People who follow restrictive diets of any kind, such as plant-based diets, should receive support from specialized staff to ensure that their dietsare varied and balanced, as is desirable in any case. (AU)

Enfermedad de Alzheimer. Evidencia actual sobre el papel preventivo de la nutrición / Alzheimer's disease. Current evidence on the preventive role of nutrition

Introducción: en las últimas décadas, se ha observado un incremento significativo en la incidencia de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA). En la actualidad, no se dispone de tratamientos farmacológicos efectivos, lo que hace que las medidas preventivas sean particularmente importantes.Objetivo: analizar la evidencia científica disponible sobre factores nutricionales y dietéticos y su asociación con la prevención de la EA.Métodos: se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura científica sobre factores nutricionales y dietéticos relacionados con la prevención de la EA.Resultados: diversos componentes de la dieta se han asociado positivamente con la prevención de la EA. Estos incluyen hidratos de carbono complejos, fibra, omega-3, proteínas de origen vegetal, vitaminas (folatos, colina, vitamina D, C, B6 y B9), zinc y algunos compuestos bioactivos como los flavonoles, y los probióticos. El seguimiento de las dietas mediterránea, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) y Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) se ha asociado con un menor de riesgo de desarrollar la enfermedad.Conclusión: la nutrición podría tener un papel protector frente a la EA, aunque se requieren más estudios al respecto. (AU)

Introduction: in the last decades, a significant increase in the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been observed. Currently, there are no effective pharmacological treatments available, which makes preventive measures particularly important.Objective: to analyze the available scientific evidence on nutritional and dietary factors and their association with AD prevention.Methods: a review of nutritional and dietary factors related to the prevention of AD was conducted.Results: several dietary components have been positively associated with AD prevention, including intake of complex carbohydrates, fiber, omega-3, plant-based proteins, vitamins (folates, choline, vitamin D, C, B6 and B9), zinc, some bioactive compounds such as flavonols and probiotics. Following the Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) y Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diets has been associated with a lower risk of developing the disease.Conclusion: nutrition may have a protective role against AD, although further studies are needed in this regard. (AU)

Protocolo de actuación en el abordaje dietético y nutricional en pacientes con disfagia / Protocol of action in the dietary and nutritional approach in patients with dysphagia

Introducción: la disfagia se clasifica dentro de los “síntomas y signos que involucran el sistema digestivo y el abdomen” en la ClasificaciónInternacional de Enfermedades (CIE-10, código R13). Dicho síntoma se produce en la región de la faringe, el esternón o el xifoides como resultado de la obstrucción del paso de alimentos de la boca al estómago o al cardias, y se ha convertido en una de las causas más importantesque afecta a la ingesta adecuada de energía y nutrientes. Un abordaje dietético y nutricional óptimo desempeña un papel crucial en el manejode la disfagia. El objetivo principal de dicho abordaje es garantizar una alimentación segura y suficiente para prevenir la desnutrición y lascomplicaciones asociadas a la disfagia.Objetivos: establecer un protocolo de actuación para realizar, de forma eficaz, el abordaje dietético y nutricional en pacientes con disfagia enbase a la evidencia científica existente.Métodos: se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura científica sobre el abordaje dietético-nutricional de la disfagia.Resultados: el abordaje dietético y nutricional en pacientes con disfagia requiere un enfoque multidisciplinar y personalizado, y es fundamentalpara mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes con disfagia. A través de la implementación del protocolo de actuación basado en la evidencia,se puede garantizar: prevenir la aspiración y asegurar una deglución segura, y modificación de texturas de los diferentes alimentos (promoviendode esta forma la ingesta adecuada de nutrientes y líquidos para evitar la desnutrición y la deshidratación).Conclusión: un manejo adecuado y protocolizado, desde el punto de vista dietético y nutricional, puede llegar a tener un impacto significativoen la calidad de vida de los pacientes, mejorando su bienestar y previniendo complicaciones asociadas a esta condición. (AU)

Introduction: dysphagia is classified under “symptoms and signs involving the digestive system and abdomen” in the International Classificationof Diseases (ICD-10, code R13). It is defined as obstruction in the region of the pharynx, sternum or xiphoid because of obstruction of the passageof food from the mouth to the stomach or cardia, and has become one of the most important causes affecting the adequate intake of energy andnutrients. An optimal dietary and nutritional approach plays a crucial role in the management of dysphagia. The main goal of such an approachis to ensure safe and sufficient nutrition to prevent malnutrition and complications associated with dysphagia.Objectives: to establish an action protocol for an effective dietary and nutritional approach in patients with dysphagia based on the existingscientific evidence.Methods: a review of the scientific literature on the dietary-nutritional approach to dysphagia was carried out.Results: the dietary and nutritional approach in patients with dysphagia requires a multidisciplinary and personalized approach and is essential toimprove the quality of life of patients with dysphagia. Through the implementation of an evidence-based action protocol, it is possible to guaranteepreventing aspiration and ensuring safe swallowing and modification of textures of different foods (thus promoting adequate intake of nutrientsand fluids to avoid malnutrition and dehydration).Conclusion: adequate and protocolized management, from a dietary and nutritional point of view, can have a significant impact on the qualityof life of patients, improving their well-being and preventing complications associated with this condition. (AU)

Sostenibilidad alimentaria: claves para el consumidor, ventajas e inconvenientes / Food sustainability: keys for the consumer, advantages and disadvantages

Para atender las necesidades alimentarias y nutricionales de una población creciente y garantizar los recursos naturales y productivos, lossistemas alimentarios deben experimentar cambios adoptando dietas más sostenibles. Diferentes organismos e instituciones recomiendanpatrones de dieta variada y equilibrada, con predominio de alimentos de origen vegetal y menor presencia de alimentos de origen animal, paramejorar el estado de salud y bienestar y reducir el impacto medioambiental. Este tipo de dietas presentan beneficios en la salud, sobre todosi están bien planificadas y los alimentos se combinan adecuadamente. Sin embargo, en algunas etapas de la vida (escolares, adolescentes,ancianos) y en situaciones fisiológicas especiales (embarazadas, deportistas) se debe prestar atención a los requerimientos nutricionales, quepodrían verse comprometidos en caso de no llevar a cabo una correcta planificación dietética, lo que podría derivar en problemas para la salud.Por ello, para facilitar la transición de los consumidores a una dieta sostenible, se deben promover estrategias bien diseñadas que incluyanprogramas de educación nutricional con instrucciones específicas acerca de las elecciones y combinaciones de alimentos más adecuadas paraaumentar el valor nutricional de la dieta. Además, en situaciones fisiológicas específicas en las que alcanzar los requerimientos nutricionalespudiera estar comprometido, podría considerarse el consumo de alimentos enriquecidos y/o la administración de suplementos. (AU)

To meet the food and nutritional needs of a growing population and, at the same time, guarantee natural and productive resources, food systemsmust undergo changes in production models and consumption patterns, adopting more sustainable diets. The recommendations of differentorganizations and institutions are aimed at adopting a varied and balanced dietary pattern, with a greater predominance of plant-based food anda lower presence of animal food, to improve the state of health and well-being, while reducing the environmental impact. These types of diets haveimportant health benefits, especially if diets are well planned and foods are properly combined. However, in some stages of life (schoolchildren,adolescents, elders) and in some special physiological situations (pregnancy, athletes), special attention should be paid to the increase of certainnutritional requirements that could compromise the health status if a correct dietary planning is not carried out. Therefore, well-designed strategies should be put in place to facilitate the transition to a sustainable diet, including nutrition education programs for consumers with specificinstructions on the most appropriate food choices to increase the nutritional value of the diet. In addition, in specific physiological situations,where meeting nutritional requirements may be compromised, the consumption of fortified foods and/or supplementation could be considered. (AU)

Effects of Capacitive-Resistive Electric Transfer on Sports Performance in Paralympic Swimmers: A Stopped Randomized Clinical Trial.

Throughout history a variety of therapeutic tools have been studied as possible enhancers of sports activities. This study proposes the use of Capacitive-Resistive Electric Transfer (CRET) as a performance booster to paralympic athletes, specifically those belonging to the Spanish Paralympic swimming committee. The study was a randomized, single-blind, and observer-blind, crossover clinical trial. Six athletes were randomly assigned to three groups: one treated with CRET (A); a placebo group (B) and a control group (C). The CRET group attended a twenty-minute session before being subjected to pool trials at distances of 50 and 100 m at maximum performance. Measurements were in two dimensions: time in seconds and the Borg scale for perceived exertion. Comparisons between groups were made with respect to distance and the main variables. In the case of perceived exertion, no significant changes were observed in any of the distances; however, in the case of the time variable, a significant difference was observed between Group A vs. Personal Record at 100 m distance (76.3 ± 6.8 vs. 68.4 ± 3.3). The proposed protocol and level of hyperthermia applied suggest refusal of CRET use for the 100-m distance a few minutes before sports practice. Our analysis suggests the need to modify the presented protocol. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier under NCT number: NCT04336007.

[Childhood obesity as a health priority. Guidelines for improving weight control]. / La obesidad infantil como prioridad sanitaria. Pautas en la mejora del control de peso.

Introduction: Childhood obesity is a growing concern, because the problem affects a high percentage of children and is the source of many diseases in the present and in the future, which can lead to a decrease in life expectancy and quality of life. In order to combat the problem, it is necessary to analyze the factors associated with excess weight in childhood in order to act on them and try to curb the trend observed in recent years. Various socio-demographic aspects, as well as inactivity and sedentary lifestyle in children are factors that are associated with an increased risk of obesity and central adiposity. With great prominence in this issue, we have to highlight that the consumption of food is improvable: decrease the consumption of sugar, fat and sodium, and above all increase the consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, dairy is associated with lower obesity and central obesity in children. There is no single responsible for the problem and the interaction between healthy behaviors increases the chances of success in the fight against childhood obesity, which should be considered when planning nutritional education campaigns. Many aspects of the diet and lifestyle of the child population must be improved, perhaps now more emphasis is being placed on restrictive guidelines. Of course, it is desirable to reduce the consumption of sweets and snacks, but messages aimed at increasing the consumption of vegetables, fruits, whole grains and approximating the diet to the theoretical ideal can be prioritized. Constructive guidelines should stand out from restrictive ones.

Introducción: La obesidad infantil es objeto de preocupación creciente, porque el problema afecta a un elevado porcentaje de niños y es el origen de numerosas enfermedades en el presente y en el futuro, pudiendo condicionar un descenso en la esperanza y calidad de vida. Para combatir el problema es necesario analizar los factores que se asocian con el exceso de peso en la infancia para actuar sobre ellos e intentar frenar la tendencia observada en los últimos años. Diversos aspectos sociodemográficos, así como la inactividad y el sedentarismo de los niños son factores que se asocian con mayor riesgo de padecimiento de obesidad y adiposidad central. Con gran protagonismo en este tema debe destacarse que el consumo de alimentos es mejorable: disminuir el consumo de azúcar, grasa y sodio, y sobre todo aumentar el consumo de frutas, verduras, cereales integrales, pescado, lácteos se asocia con menor padecimiento de obesidad y obesidad central en los niños. Pero no hay un único responsable del problema y la interacción entre conductas saludables aumenta las posibilidades de éxito en la lucha contra la obesidad infantil, lo que debe ser considerado al planificar campañas de educación nutricional. Se deben mejorar numerosos aspectos de la alimentación y estilo de vida de la población infantil, quizá en este momento se hace más hincapié en pautas restrictivas, aunque es muy conveniente reducir el consumo de dulces y snacks, resulta muy deseable y quizá prioritario el aumentar el consumo de verduras, hortalizas, frutas, cereales integrales y aproximar la dieta al ideal teórico. Las pautas constructivas deberían destacar respecto a las restrictivas.

[Nutritional problems in celiac patients. Difficulties in achieving an adequate nutritional status]. / Problemática nutricional en pacientes celíacos. Dificultades para conseguir una situación nutricional adecuada.

Introduction: Celiac disease is the most common chronic intestinal disease. It affects approximately 1 % of the world population, affects all age groups and has symptoms both digestive and extra-digestive. The treatment of celiac disease is based on the strict withdrawal of gluten from the diet. This treatment supposes the improvement of symptoms and histology and the reduction of long-term comorbidities. People with celiac disease often follow diets that are far from the theoretical ideal, so they must be supervised and guided to achieve gluten-free diets that are also varied and balanced. In these patients it is important to avoid gluten consumption, but also to achieve an adequate supply of nutrients. However, their health problems, together with the limitations they must introduce in the diet make it more difficult to achieve a correct diet, so the group deserves special nutritional monitoring and surveillance.

Introducción: La enfermedad celíaca es la enfermedad crónica intestinal más frecuente que existe. Afecta aproximadamente al 1 % de la población mundial, a todos los grupos de edad y tiene síntomas de presentación tanto digestivos como extradigestivos. El tratamiento de la enfermedad celíaca se basa en la retirada estricta del gluten de la dieta. Este tratamiento supone la mejora de los síntomas y de la histología y la disminución de comorbilidades a largo plazo. Las personas con enfermedad celíaca realizan con frecuencia dietas alejadas del ideal teórico, por lo que deben ser supervisadas y orientadas para lograr dietas sin gluten y también variadas y equilibradas. En estos pacientes es importante evitar el consumo de gluten, pero también lograr un aporte adecuado de nutrientes y su problemática sanitaria, junto con las limitaciones que deben introducir en la dieta, hacen más difícil lograr una alimentación correcta, por lo que el colectivo merece una vigilancia y un control nutricional especiales.

Health Literacy and Critical Lecture as Key Elements to Detect and Reply to Nutrition Misinformation on Social Media: Analysis between Spanish Healthcare Professionals.

Health misinformation about nutrition and other health aspects on social media is a current public health concern. Healthcare professionals play an essential role in efforts to detect and correct it. The present study focuses on analyzing the use of competencies associated with training in methodology, health literacy, and critical lecture in order to detect sources of health misinformation that use scientific articles to support their false information. A qualitative study was conducted between 15 and 30 January 2022, wherein the participants were recruited from active users from a nutrition conversation on Twitter, diets, and cancer and defined themselves as healthcare professionals. This study demonstrates that health literacy and critical lecture competencies allow for the detection of more misinformation messages and are associated with a high rate of responses to users that spread the misinformation messages. Finally, this study proposes the necessity of developing actions to improve health literacy and critical lecture competencies between healthcare professionals. However, in order to achieve this, health authorities must develop strategies to psychologically support those healthcare professionals faced with bullying as a result of their activity on social media debunking health hoaxes.

Application of Capacitive-Resistive Electric Transfer in Physiotherapeutic Clinical Practice and Sports.

Diathermy techniques embody an oscillating electrical current passaging through the body tissues generating therapeutic heat; use of this technique in the physiotherapy field has been introduced recently, and because there is scarce information, the following review is proposed, aiming to explore the available evidence on applying CRET in physiotherapy clinical practice and sports. A systematic search was led through a keyword search on PubMed, MedLine, DialNet, Scopus, PEDro, Web of Science and Clinicaltrials databases. Including randomised controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies, which applied radiofrequency diathermy in sports and physiotherapy fields, without any restrictions on dates, published in Spanish, English, Portuguese or Italian. Data extraction was conducted through the Cochrane data extraction form and presented in tabular format; 30 articles were included for analysis, and assessment of methodological quality was made through the PEDro scale with a "Good/Fair" general quality score. The nature of existing articles does not allow a quantitative analysis. Conclusion: identified fields of applications were musculoskeletal physiotherapy, treatment of pelvic floor and sexual dysfunctions, as well as dermato-functional physiotherapy and sports, evidencing an increase of skin temperature, enhanced skin and muscle blood perfusion, as well as reporting an increase in oxyhaemoglobin. Further research is needed. Prospero registration number: CRD42020215592.

Muscle Recovery after a Single Bout of Functional Fitness Training.

BACKGROUND: Functional fitness training (FFT) is a new exercise modality that targets functional multi-joint actions via both muscle-strengthening exercises and aerobic training intervals. The aim of the study was to examine muscle recovery over a 20 min period after an FFT workout in trained adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants were 28 healthy trained subjects. In a single session, a countermovement jump (CMJ) was performed to determine several mechanical variables (jump height, maximum velocity, power) before (preFFT) and 4, 10, and 20 min after the FFT workout (postFFT). In parallel, capillary blood lactate concentrations were measured pre- and 3 min postFFT. Heart rate was also measured before and after the workout, and perceived exertion was measured postFFT. RESULTS: Significant differences between the time points preFFT and 4 min and 10 min postFFT, respectively, were produced in jump height (p = 0.022, p = 0.034), maximum velocity (p = 0.016, p = 0.005), average power relative (p = 0.018, p = 0.049), and average power total (p = 0.025, p = 0.049). No differences were observed in any of the variables recorded preFFT and 20 min postFFT. CONCLUSIONS: While mechanical variables indicating muscle fatigue were reduced 4 and 10 min postFFT, pre-exercise jump ability only really started to recover 20 min after FFT although not reaching pre-exercise levels. This means that ideally intervals of around 20 min of rest should be implemented between training bouts.

[New patient care techniques: nutritional coaching]. / Nuevas técnicas de atención al paciente: el coaching nutricional.

INTRODUCTION: To achieve behavioral changes, as well as to prevent the appearance of non-communicable diseases, nutritional education has traditionally been used. However, the prevalence of some chronic diseases is still increasing. This has led to the development of new patient care techniques such as nutritional coaching, in which the patient plays an active role during the change process. The available scientific evidence indicates that nutritional coaching, as well as health coaching, is an effective tool to achieve lasting changes in diet and lifestyle.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Para conseguir cambios de comportamiento, así como para prevenir la aparición de enfermedades no transmisibles, tradicionalmente se ha empleado la educación nutricional. Sin embargo, la prevalencia de algunas enfermedades crónicas sigue aumentado. Esto ha hecho que se hayan desarrollado nuevas técnicas de atención al paciente como el coaching,, así como el coaching de salud, en el que el paciente juega un papel activo durante el proceso del cambio. La evidencia científica disponible señala que el coaching nutricional es una herramienta efectiva para conseguir cambios duraderos en la dieta y el estilo de vida.

[Nutritional problems in smokers and passive smokers]. / Problemática nutricional en fumadores y fumadores pasivos.

INTRODUCTION: Objective: active or passive tobacco use affects a high percentage of individuals and is associated with various health risks. The aim of this review was to look more closely at the nutritional problems that are specific of smokers, which may harm their health. Methods: a bibliographic search related to the topic. Results: smokers consume lower amounts of various foods, especially fruits, vegetables, cereals and dairy. As a result, their intake of vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals is lower than that observed in non-smokers. Their consumption of meat, caffeine and alcohol is usually higher, and their activity lower than those of non-smokers, coexisting in smokers unhealthy behaviors that contribute to harming their health and quality of life. Oxidative stress and metabolic changes render the needs for some nutrients higher in smokers to achieve the same biochemical situation as in non-smokers. Recommended intakes of vitamin C have increased, but it will probably be necessary to also increase the intakes of other nutrients. In general, smokers suffer from deficiencies more frequently (vitamins C, E, ß-carotene, B1, B2, B12, folic acid, calcium, magnesium, iron, iodine, etc.) than non-smokers. Passive smokers are also affected in their eating habits and nutritional status. Conclusions: the worse nutritional status of smokers can contribute to the appearance/worsening of various diseases associated with smoking (cardiovascular, cancer, cataracts, osteoporosis, etc.); therefore, nutritional surveillance and correction of nutritional deficiencies could represents health benefits for smokers and passive smokers, which should be considered in the future.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivos: el consumo de tabaco, activo o pasivo, afecta a un elevado porcentaje de individuos y se asocia a diversos riesgos sanitarios. Profundizar en los problemas nutricionales específicos de los fumadores que pueden contribuir a perjudicar su salud constituye el objeto de la presente revisión. Métodos: búsqueda bibliográfica en relación con el tema. Resultados: los fumadores consumen cantidades inferiores de diversos alimentos, especialmente: frutas, verduras, cereales y lácteos. Como consecuencia, su ingesta de vitaminas, minerales y fitoquímicos es inferior a la observada en los no fumadores. Su consumo de carne, cafeína y alcohol suele ser superior y su actividad inferior a la de los no fumadores, coexistiendo en los fumadores conductas poco saludables que se potencian, perjudicando la salud y la calidad de vida del colectivo. El estrés oxidativo y los cambios metabólicos hacen que las necesidades de algunos nutrientes sean superiores en los fumadores para lograr la misma situación bioquímica que en los no fumadores. Las ingestas recomendadas de vitamina C se han incrementado, pero probablemente sea necesario aumentar las de otros nutrientes. En general, los fumadores sufren deficiencias con más frecuencia (vitaminas C, E, ß-caroteno, B1, B2, B12, ácido fólico, calcio, magnesio, hierro, yodo, etc.) que los no fumadores. Los fumadores pasivos se ven afectados también en sus hábitos alimentarios y su situación nutricional. Conclusiones: la peor situación nutricional de los fumadores puede contribuir a la aparición/el empeoramiento de diversas patologías asociadas al hábito de fumar (cardiovasculares, cáncer, cataratas, osteoporosis, etc.), por lo que la vigilancia nutricional y la corrección de las deficiencias nutricionales podrían suponer un beneficio sanitario para los fumadores y fumadores pasivos que debe ser considerada en el futuro.